From Eve to present, women have been viewed as the “thorn in the side” of men; the daughters of Eve have been characterized as manipulative, deceptive, and even inferior. Was it not Helen of Troy who “launched a thousand s
hips” and caused the destruction of the glorious city of Troy? Did not Cleopatra seduce noble Marc Antony into betraying the Roman state? Yes, even the extravagance of Marie Antoinette was blamed as the cause of the French Revolution. Many purport that the Hebraic Old Testament is the source for this misconception; nevertheless, this very source is the foundation by which this assumption is refuted. The Old Testament books of Ruth and Esther support this refutation. These books reveal how these two women were used to dramatically affect the future of the nation of Israel in similar yet different manners. Through these women the promise of the Messiah was fulfilled, even though they were drastically different in background, in character and in situation.
Exactly what sort of backgrounds did these women have? Ruth was not a Hebrew; in fact, she was born of a race descended from an ancestor common to both the Hebrews and the Moabites. The Moabites were descended from Lot, nephew of Abraham, and from Lot’s elder daughter as told in Genesis 19:30-38.
(Ewww…yucky, yucky ancestory)
Afterward Lot left Zoar because he was afraid of the people there, and he went to live in a cave in the mountains with his two daughters. One day the older daughter said to her sister, “There are no men left anywhere in this entire area, so we can’t get married like everyone else. And our father will soon be too old to have children. Come, let’s get him drunk with wine, and then we will have sex with him. That way we will preserve our family line through our father.” So that night they got him drunk with wine, and the older daughter went in and had intercourse with her father. He was unaware of her lying down or getting up agai
n. The next morning the older daughter said to her younger sister, “I had sex with our father last night. Let’s get him drunk with wine again tonight, and you go in and have sex with him. That way we will preserve our family line through our father.” So that night they got him drunk with wine again, and the younger daughter went in and had intercourse with him. As before, he was unaware of her lying down or getting up again. As a result, both of Lot’s daughters became pregnant by their own father. When the older daughter gave birth to a son, she named him Moab. He became the ancestor of the nation now known as the Moabites. When the younger daughter gave birth to a son, she named him Ben-ammi. He became the ancestor of the nation now known as the Ammonites.
Esther on the other hand, was of Hebraic origins. Ruth becomes associated with the Hebrews through her marriage to Mahlon, the son of Elimelech and Naomi, who were Ephrathites from Bethlehem. Where Ruth was a foreigner living among Hebrews, Esther (also known as Hadasseh) was a Hebrew living among foreigners, known as the Persians. These women were not contemporaries. The time peroid in which the narrative of Ruth takes place was during the reign of the days of “Judges.” It is speculated that Ruth lived as a contemporary to the Judge Gideon, assuming that Ruth was the great-grandmother of David and that David began his rule in 1010 B.C. which places Ruth in the latter part of the 12th century.
(Oh the pain of details and grounding theology in history!)
Five hundred and twenty-seven years later in 483 B.C., the story of Esther occurred. This date is derived from the assumption that the Ahasuerus mentioned in chapter one of Esther was none other than the Persian King Xerxes, who reigned from 485 B.C. to 465 B.C. In Esther 1:3, it states that Xerxes gave a banquet in the third year of his reign which gives the date of 483 B.C. as when the Book of Esther historically begins.
Though these women come from different backgrounds, their moral characteristics are somewhat similar, yet again they are ultimately different. Ruth was extremely faithful to her mother-in-law, Naomi. Whether this loyalty stems from the tradition of her people, as Ruth’s sister Orpah also desired to follow Naomi to Bethlehem, or from her acceptance of the Hebraic God Yahweh, is difficult to discern. Nonetheless, Ruth did indeed follow Naomi from her native land to provide for her widowed and heirless mother-in-law.
Esther’s loyalty, in comparison, was more patriotic than personal (or so it seems). Even though Esther was silent regarding her nationality upon assuming the position of queen, she does portray a slight element of loyalty to her people. True, Esther did enjoy special privileges above and beyond those of any of the exiled Jews. In fact, Esther, elevated to the position
of queen (Esther 2:12-20), probably participated in many “unorthodox” Persian ceremonies and customs, which were contradictory to her Jewish background. (And that is stating that mildly!) Granted, Esther was deceptive in concealing her heritage from Xerxes; yet, when the occasion arose for her to intercede for her people, she acted appropriately (so, she was coaxed a bit) and revealed her heritage and supplicated the king to spare not only her life, but also the lives of her people. She saved them from certain genocide.
However, though both Ruth and Esther possess the characteristics of loyalty, these women had dramatically different relationships with their God. Ruth, although a Moabite, swore to Naomi that “her people would be my people” and that “her God would be my God.” Ruth totally denounced her people and her gods to follow Naomi. Ruth placed herself under Mosaic law so as to provide for the needs of her mother-in-law; she even went as far as to actively seek a Levirite marriage (Deut. 25: 5-6) so that Naomi’s inheritance could be obtained. Ruth continually shows her devotion to her mother-in-law and to Yahweh, by being obedient to Naomi’s every request. Thus, Ruth was persistently and actively seeking God and to do God’s will.
Esther, on the other hand, was among the disobedient Jews who did not return from exile to the “Promised Land.” She did not attempt to keep the Mosaic law. If it can be assumed that the Queen of Persia was in accordance with the local custom, the Esther most likely ate unclean animals and practiced unlawful customs. The only reference in the narrative of Esther to any Jewish custom practiced by Esther was the act of fasting in Es 4:15-17. Therefore, it is apparent that Esther lacked in an active and personal relationship with God while Ruth pursued one.
Thus, it seems that Ruth and Esther were both involved in rather separate relationships with the Hebraic God, Yahweh. Despite this difference, God used both women to fulfill the promise of the Messiah, if it can be assumed that Jesus of Nazareth was truly this “Savior.” Ruth, after she wed Boaz through Levirite marriage, became the mother of Obed. Obed became the father of Jesse, who became the father of David. Jesus Christ’s lineage, through Mary, is traced to David (Matthew 1:1-16). Christ is therefore call the “Son of David” (Matthew 15:22). As mentioned in 2 Samuel 7:16 and Revelations 20:4-6, Christ will some day return to earth and will sit on the throne of David as the millennial King.
2 Samuel 7:16
“Your house and your kingdom will endure forever before me; your throne will be established forever.”
and
Revelations 20:4-6
Then I saw thrones, and the people sitting on them had been given the authority to judge. And I saw the souls of those who had been beheaded for their testimony about Jesus and for proclaiming the word of God. They had not worshiped the beast or his statue, nor accepted his mark on their forehead or their hands. They all came to life again, and they reigned with Christ for a thousand years. This is the first resurrection. (The rest of the dead did not come back to life until the thousand years had ended.) Blessed and holy are those who share in the first resurrection. For them the second death holds no power, but they will be priests of God and of Christ and will reign with him a thousand years.
Ruth’s part in fulfilling the prophecy of “Christ” is obvious, where Esther’s role is not quite as apparent. Esther does not have any place in the direct lineage of the Messiah. Her contribution to the fulfillment of the “promise” is that she interceded on behalf for her race, the Hebrews, who faced certain extinction as a direct result of the decree of Haman, a high ranking Persian official in Xerxes’ court. Haman ordered a massive execution of thousands of Jews; this decree could “thwart” God’s plan of salvation for the nations through the Jewish nation.
However, as seen in Job 42:2, God cannot be “thwarted.” God placed an orphaned Jewish girl in the esteemed position of queen, and through her, he preserved His people through an unlikely set of circumstances. Esther, against the custom of the Persian people, approaches King Xerxes without having been summoned; if the king was displeased by her appearance, she would have faced death. However, the king was pleased and pardoned her intrusive presence.
At a second banquet, Esther requested that the king spare her life and the lives of her people. The king consents and Haman is hanged for his evil plots. God had, in His sovereignty, worked in various circumstances so that the Jews could be delivered. And through their deliverance from certain extinction, the Hebrew nation continued; thus, God rescued the Jews from extinction so that he could fulfill His promise of the Messiah through His Chosen People, Israel. Therefore, it is evident that both Ruth and Esther were instruments in the fulfillment of the promise of the Messiah, the Son of David and Israel.
Although Ruth and Esther come from different historical backgrounds and have different moral characters, God used these women to prepare the circumstances necessary for the coming of Christ as promised in the scriptures by the prophets. Yes, God was not biased in His perception of women. Regardless of the general consensus of the religious leaders of the day who rejoiced that they “were not born a woman,” God found that or determined that these two women were vital (or at least honored) in fulfillment of His plan of redemption for all men and dare I say women. Therefore, even though many a man (or woman) may regard certain people or races of people as inferior or as meddlesome or even worthless, God used these very people to work His plans out into completion.
So, are you available to be used by God as well? Do you willingly pursue His purposes or do you need more coaxing?
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